The short version of circadian rhythm fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-11-13 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
== Culture == Birches have spiritual importance in several religions, both modern and historical. In Celtic cultures, the birch symbolises growth, renewal, stability, initiation, and adaptability because it is highly adaptive and able to sustain harsh conditions with casual indifference. Proof of this adaptability is seen in its easy and eager ability to repopulate areas damaged by forest fires or clearings. Birches are also associated with Tír na nÓg, the land of the dead and the Sidhe, in Gaelic folklore, and as such frequently appear in Scottish, Irish, and English folksongs and ballads in association with death, or fairies, or returning from the grave. The leaves of the silver birch tree are used in the festival of St George, held in Novosej and other villages in Albania.
Small molecule targets Protein targets Cells and tissues Multiple rounds of selection and counter-selection are performed as part of each Optimer discovery process. Each discovery process can be adapted to include specific target, assay and buffer conditions to improve Optimer selection.
Micronization is the process of reducing the average diameter of the particles of a solid material, typically into the micrometre range and in some cases the nanometre range. It is a form of comminution and is a critical unit operation in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients, food ingredients, pigments, agrochemicals and other fine chemicals where dissolution rate, content uniformity or aerosol behaviour depend on particle size. Industrial micronization is carried out by several distinct technology families. Mechanical comminution methods — particularly air-jet milling and cryogenic milling — dominate commercial pharmaceutical production and operate under current good manufacturing practice regulations such as ICH Q7. For sub-micron particles required by poorly water-soluble drugs, wet bead milling, high-pressure homogenization and dry co-milling produce nanocrystalline suspensions and powders. Supercritical fluid precipitation methods, including RESS, SAS and PGSS, offer finer morphological control for thermolabile compounds. The principal rationale for micronization in pharmaceutical applications is the inverse relationship between particle diameter and surface area in the Noyes–Whitney equation: reducing particle size accelerates dissolution and, for poorly soluble drugs in BCS Class II and IV, can substantially improve bioavailability. Other major applications include dry powder and metered-dose inhaler formulations, where aerodynamic diameter in the 1–5 μm range is required for lung deposition.
==== Serious illness ==== Serious illness may result in low blood sugar. Severe disease of many organ systems can cause hypoglycemia as a secondary problem. Hypoglycemia is especially common in those in the intensive care unit or those in whom food and drink is withheld as a part of their treatment plan. Sepsis, a common cause of hypoglycemia in serious illness, can lead to hypoglycemia through many ways. In a state of sepsis, the body uses large amounts of glucose for energy. Glucose use is further increased by cytokine production. Cytokines are a protein produced by the body in a state of stress, particularly when fighting an infection. Cytokines may inhibit glucose production, further decreasing the body's energy stores. Finally, the liver and kidneys are sites of glucose production, and in a state of sepsis those organs may not receive enough oxygen, leading to decreased glucose production due to organ damage. Other causes of serious illness that may cause hypoglycemia include liver failure and kidney failure. The liver is the main site of glucose production in the body, and any liver failure or damage will lead to decreased glucose production. While the kidneys are also sites of glucose production, their failure of glucose production is not significant enough to cause hypoglycemia. Instead, the kidneys are responsible for removing insulin from the body, and when this function is impaired in kidney failure, the insulin stays in circulation longer, leading to hypoglycemia.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Phase 2 === Aildenafil (methisosildenafil) – phosphodiesterase PDE5 inhibitor – erectile dysfunction [10] AN-788 (IP-2018; IP2018; NSD788; NSD-788) – serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) – erectile dysfunction [11] Apomorphine intranasal (AL-101; intranasal apomorphine) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist, other actions – erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction [12] Autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy (autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy; Cellgram; Cellgram-ED; Cellgram-LC; Cerecellgram-spine; Hearticellgram-AMI; Immunocellgram; Impocellgram; Livercellgram; Lungcellgram; MSC-1; MSC-2) – cell replacement – erectile dysfunction [13] Botulinum toxin A (AboBoNT-A; AbobotulinumtoxinA; Alluzience; Azzalure; BoNT-A; BTX-A-HAC; BTX-A-HAC NG; Clostridium botulinum toxin type A haemagglutinin complex; Dysport; Dysport NG; Dysport RU; Dysport Solution; Dysport Next Generation; Reloxin) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – vulvodynia [14] Bupropion/trazodone (Lorexys; Orexa; S1P-104; S1P-205; SIP-104; trazodone/bupropion) – combination of bupropion (norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), other actions) and trazodone (serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI), various actions) – erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, male sexual dysfunction [15] Buspirone/testosterone (Lybridos; testosterone/buspirone) – combination of buspirone (serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, other actions) and testosterone (androgen) – female sexual dysfunction [16] BZ-371A (PnPP-19) – nitric oxide stimulant – erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction [17] Cligosiban (IX-01; PF-3274167) – oxytocin receptor antagonist – premature ejaculation [18] Estetrol (Donesta; E4) – estrogen (estrogen receptor agonist) – atrophic vaginitis, female sexual dysfunction [19] Estriol vaginal ring (VR-102; VR102; long-acting estriol vaginal ring) – estrogen (estrogen receptor agonist) – atrophic vaginitis [20] Fadanafil (XZP-5849) – phosphodiesterase PDE5 inhibitor – erectile dysfunction [21] FKW-00GA (FKW00GA; TGW-00AA; TGW00AA; TGWOOAA; TGW-OOAA) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist – sexual function disorders [22] Onabotulinum toxin A (BoNTA; Botox; botulinum toxin A injectable; GSK-1358820; GSK1358820; OnabotA X; OnabotulinumtoxinA X; Vistabel; Vistabex) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – premature ejaculation [23] OPK-88004 (LY-2452473; TT701) – selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) – erectile dysfunction [24] Pudafensine (IP2015; IP-2015) – serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) – erectile dysfunction, vulvodynia, female sexual dysfunction [25] Sildenafil/testosterone (Lybrido; testosterone/sildenafil) – combination of sildenafil (phosphodiesterase PDE5 inhibitor) and testosterone (androgen) – female sexual dysfunction [26] Sildenafil topical – phosphodiesterase PDE5 inhibitor – female sexual dysfunction [27] Testosterone intranasal (low-dose) (MPP-14; Noseafix; TBS-2; Tefina) – androgen (androgen receptor agonist) – anorgasmia, decreased libido [28] TGFK-09SD (TGFK09SD) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist – female sexual dysfunction [29] Volufralin (LIB-01; LIB01; DIC-2024; DIC2024; Libiguin) – indirect melanocortin MC4 receptor potentiator – erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation [30]
CLASP is an international non-profit organization specializing in the energy efficiency of appliances, equipment, and lighting. Founded in 1999, CLASP has worked in over 90 countries, and is headquartered in Washington, DC with teams and offices in Brazil, Europe, India, Indonesia, Kenya, and the United Kingdom.
=== Carbon dioxide reduction === A highly exothermic reaction combusts magnesium in an oxidation-reduction reaction with carbon dioxide, producing carbon nanoparticles including graphene and fullerenes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Fruits, Veg and Spice Markets === International Terminal Market for Fruits and Vegetables at near by Ganaur on Grand Trunk Road in Sonepat district is being established on 600 acres which will be larger than . Centre for excellence for horticulture are being established in each district of Haryana, along with 340 horticulture villages. Govt is also promoting an agricultural produce brand called Haryana Fresh. Domestic NCR Flower Market at Gurugram Spice Market at Sonepat Haryana State Honey Trade Centre (HS HTC) at IBDC (Integrated Beekeeping Development Centre), Ramnagar in Kurukshetra district
They compare the audience's early ridicule of Viserys' struggles to Daemon's own reactions, as the fierce Daemon attempts to distinguish himself from the "weak" Viserys due to his own abjection, while several audience members laughed at a scene in "We Light the Way" where Viserys struggles to cut his food as a result of losing his fingers. Heath notes that this "mutual distaste or disappointment evaporates" when a frail Viserys walks toward the Iron Throne in "The Lord of the Tides", as Daemon "shows care and even reverence to his brother" while the audience is touched by Viserys' heroic perseverance instead of joking about his condition.
=== Biosynthetic Spider Silk in E. coli === Ancient Greeks and Romans used spider silk to stop bleeding and aid wound healing and in more modern history, indigenous people in the Solomon Islands as well as Aboriginals created fishing setups from spider silk utilizing it as fishing line. One of the most common methods of producing spider silk biosynthetically utilizes bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). The E. coli cell DNA is engineered to express spider silk genes, producing spidroin proteins within the cells. These proteins are then extracted, purified and spun into fibers. While E. coli can produce relatively high yields (e.g., up to 2,700 mg/liter for some MaSp1 variants), process efficiency is very low and many challenges remain in ensuring proper protein folding and solubility for optimal fiber properties, especially for larger spidroin constructs which often cause cell toxicity and death. The table below provides the mechanical properties of the spider silk from a few species to establish a general overview of the mechanical properties. There are then listed a few notable biosynthetic spider silk examples produced in E. coli from recent work.
== History == Memphis mayor Watkins Overton put together a commission in 1927 to establish an airport. It was built on a 200-acre (81 ha) plot of farmland seven miles (11 km) from downtown Memphis and opened on June 14, 1929, as Memphis Municipal Airport. The two-day dedication ceremony featured aerial stunts and the arrival of over 200 aircraft. In its early years the airport had three hangars and a sod runway. Standard Oil of Louisiana built the terminal after securing the right to supply all of the airfield's oil and gasoline. In 1930, runway lights were installed after an aircraft landed in the Mississippi River because it could not find the airport at night. Robertson Aircraft Corporation, which would merge into American Airways, started passenger flights to New Orleans and St. Louis in April 1930 on Ryan monoplanes. The following June, American Airways commenced the first airmail service from Memphis. Chicago and Southern Air Lines was headquartered in the city from 1934 to 1935 and from 1941 to 1953, when it was acquired by Delta Air Lines. During the 1930s, Memphis figured on American's east–west route between New York and Los Angeles and on Chicago and Southern's north–south route linking Chicago to New Orleans. The Works Progress Administration helped construct a new terminal building, which was inaugurated in October 1938. It had three stories and an Art Deco design. That year 31,000 passengers used the airport. After the United States entered World War II, the city government leased the airfield to the War Department in July 1942.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.