If you have been reading about anti-doping and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-06-20. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
==== Rhizome lotus ==== Rhizome lotus cultivars produce a higher yield and higher quality rhizomes than seed or flower lotus cultivars. Furthermore, this group grows tall and produces few to no flowers. Cultivars can be classified by harvest time or by the depth of rhizomes into these types:
Samba(in German) - Gambian Physician, former president Of Gambia Football Federation, former World Health Organization WHO Regional Director For Africa. Bai Lamin Jobe(in German - Former Minister Of Works, Transportation And infrastructure. Samba D. Bah (in German) - Former DG State intelligence Service. Ousman A. Bah(in German) - Former Minister Of Communication and Technology. Mary Sey - Jurist, former justice of The Supreme court Of Gambia. Fatou Mass Jobe-Njie - former Minister of Tourism and Culture. Pa Jallow (Diplomat)(in German) - Former DG State intelligence service. Cherno Jallow – Lawyer and Judge. Justice of the Supreme Court of the Gambia, former attorney general of the British Virgin Islands, Gambia Hamat Bah – Politician. Current Minister of Tourism and Culture; leader of the National Reconciliation Party (NRP), Gambia Omar A. Jallow – Politician. former Minister of Agriculture, leader of the People's Progressive Party, Gambia Halifa Sallah – former Special Advisor to the president on Governance and the spokesperson for President Adama Barrow's administration, former National Assembly Minority Leader, Secretary-general of the People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism, Gambia Momodou Lamin Sedat Jobe - Diplomat, former Gambian foreign minister Mama Kandeh- leader opposition Gambia Democratic Congress, and former parliamentarian Bubacarr Bah - Professor of Mathematics, German Research Chair of Mathematics with specialization in Data Science at AIMS South Africa. Haddy Jallow- actress, Gambia.
=== Oncology === Signatera is the first circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay built for molecular residual disease (MRD) detection and cancer recurrence monitoring. In 2020, Signatera received the CE Mark, as well as final Medicare coverage in stage II-III colorectal cancer and draft coverage in immunotherapy response monitoring. Signatera has been clinically validated to detect colorectal cancer recurrence up to 16.5 months in advance of radiologic imaging and early-stage breast cancer up to two years earlier than imaging.
== Research history == GLP-1 was first described 1979 by a research group of Werner Creutzfeldt in Göttingen. Also Jens Juul Holst worked in this area. In the early 1980s, Richard Goodman and P. Kay Lund were postdoctoral researchers working in Joel Habener's laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital. Starting in 1979, Goodman harvested DNA from American anglerfish islet cells and spliced the DNA into bacteria to find the gene for somatostatin; Lund then joined the Habener laboratory and used Goodman's bacteria to identify the gene for glucagon. In 1982, they published their discovery that the gene for proglucagon actually codes for three peptides, namely glucagon and two novel peptides. Those two novel peptides were later isolated, identified, and investigated by other researchers, and are now known as glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2. In the 1980s, Svetlana Mojsov worked on the identification of GLP-1 at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she was head of a peptide synthesis facility. To try to identify whether a specific fragment of GLP-q was an incretin, Mojsov created an incretin-antibody and developed ways to track its presence. She identified that a stretch of 31 amino acids in the GLP-1 was an incretin. Mojsov and her collaborators Daniel J. Drucker and Habener showed that small quantities of laboratory-synthesized GLP-1 could trigger insulin. Mojsov fought to have her name included in patents, with Mass General eventually agreeing to amend four patents to include her name. She received her one-third of drug royalties for one year.
In the March 2005 issue of Science, Mary Higby Schweitzer of North Carolina State University and colleagues announced the recovery of soft tissue from the marrow cavity of a fossilized leg bone from a T. rex. The bone had been intentionally, though reluctantly, broken for shipping and then not preserved in the normal manner, specifically because Schweitzer was hoping to test it for soft tissue. Designated as the Museum of the Rockies specimen 1125, or MOR 1125, the dinosaur was previously excavated from the Hell Creek Formation. Flexible, bifurcating blood vessels and fibrous but elastic bone matrix tissue were recognized. In addition, microstructures resembling blood cells were found inside the matrix and vessels. The structures bear resemblance to ostrich blood cells and vessels. Whether an unknown process, distinct from normal fossilization, preserved the material, or the material is original, the researchers do not know, and they are careful not to make any claims about preservation. If it is found to be original material, any surviving proteins may be used as a means of indirectly guessing some of the DNA content of the dinosaurs involved, because each protein is typically created by a specific gene. The absence of previous finds may be the result of people assuming preserved tissue was impossible, therefore not looking. Since the first, two more tyrannosaurs and a hadrosaur have also been found to have such tissue-like structures. Research on some of the tissues involved has suggested that birds are closer relatives to tyrannosaurs than other modern animals.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Synthesis === The chemical synthesis of ibogaine has been described. One recent total synthesis of ibogaine and related drugs starts with 2-iodo-4-methoxyaniline which is reacted with triethyl((4-(triethylsilyl)but-3-yn-1-yl)oxy)silane using palladium acetate in DMF to form 2-(triethylsilyl)-3-(2-((triethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-1H-indole. This is converted using N-iodosuccinamide and then fluoride to form 2-(2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanol. This is treated with iodine, triphenyl phosphine, and imidazole to form 2-iodo-3-(2-iodoethyl)-1H-indole. Then, using 7-ethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene and cesium carbonate in acetonitrile, the ibogaine precursor 7-ethyl-2-(2-(2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene is obtained. Using palladium acetate in DMF, the ibogaine is obtained. If the exo ethyl group on the 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane system in ibogaine is replaced with an endo ethyl, then epiibogaine is formed. Crystalline ibogaine hydrochloride is typically produced by semisynthesis from voacangine in commercial laboratories. It can be prepared from voacangine through one-step demethoxycarbonylation process too. In 2025, researchers at the University of California, Davis Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics reported the total synthesis of ibogaine, ibogaine analogues, and related compounds from pyridine.
=== August === 1 August – The UK government plans to restrict civil service internships to graduates from "lower socio-economic backgrounds", judged by what jobs their parents did when they were 14, in an attempt to make the civil service more working class. The Ministry of Defence announces that Permanent Secretary David Williams will be replaced as the Ministry's chief civil servant following the Afghan data breach. Bangladesh's Anti Corruption Commission confirms that Labour MP Tulip Siddiq will face trial later in August over corruption allegations. Voting begins in the Green Party leadership and deputy leadership elections. 2 August – Cat Eccles, the MP for Stourbridge, is being investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner on Standards over claims she was late declaring a trip to Israel and Palestine. Overseas trips must be declared within 25 days. An Edinburgh Festival Fringe event involving Scotland's first minister, John Swinney, is disrupted by pro-Palestine protesters. 3 August – The UK government plans to amend the Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Bill to create a criminal offence of online advertising Channel crossings for migrants. 4 August – Deputy First Minister of Scotland Kate Forbes announces she will not be a candidate in the 2026 Scottish Parliament election. 5 August – Warwickshire Police rejects a claim made by George Finch, Warwickshire County Council's Reform UK leader, that it held back information over the alleged rape of a 12-year-old girl in Nuneaton.
On October 31, 2024, the European Commission fined Teva €462.6 million "over misuse of the patent system and disparagement to delay [a] rival multiple sclerosis medicine", namely Copaxone (glatiramer acetate). Teva is accused of having attempted to obstacle other producers of glatiramer acetate both by abusing the patent system and by setting up a misinformation campaign targeting other glatiramer producers.
compared phenotypic defects observed in zebrafish treated with silver nanoparticles and silver ions and determined that the phenotypic defects observed with silver nanoparticle treatment was not observed with silver ion-treated embryos, suggesting that the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is independent of silver ions. Protein channels and nuclear membrane pores can often be in the size range of 9 nm to 10 nm in diameter. Small silver nanoparticles constructed of this size have the ability to not only pass through the membrane to interact with internal structures but also to become lodged within the membrane. Silver nanoparticle depositions in the membrane can impact regulation of solutes, exchange of proteins and cell recognition. Exposure to silver nanoparticles has been associated with "inflammatory, oxidative, genotoxic, and cytotoxic consequences"; the silver particulates primarily accumulate in the liver. but have also been shown to be toxic in other organs including the brain. Nano-silver applied to tissue-cultured human cells leads to the formation of free radicals, raising concerns of potential health risks.
Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first. Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs". He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his "We choose to go to the Moon" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center facility. Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's challenge with silence, refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a "Moon race". As later disclosed, the Soviet Union secretly pursued two competing crewed lunar programs. Soviet Decree 655–268, On Work on the Exploration of the Moon and Mastery of Space, issued in August 1964, directed Vladimir Chelomei to develop a Moon flyby program with a projected first flight by the end of 1966, and directed Korolev to develop the Moon landing program with a first flight by the end of 1967. In September 1965, Chelomei's flyby program was assigned to Korolev, who redesigned the cislunar mission to use his own Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft and Chelomei's Proton rocket.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Most Pakistanis, according to a Pew Research Center (PEW) poll, favour Sharia law as the official law, and 94 percent of them identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations.
In Australia, as of 2013 the drug was authorized for prescribing for severe cases of insomnia but was restricted as a Schedule 8 medicine. In France, as of 2016 flunitrazepam was not marketed. In Germany, as of 2016 flunitrazepam is an Anlage III Betäubungsmittel (controlled substance which is allowed to be marketed and prescribed by physicians under specific provisions) and is available on a special narcotic drug prescription as the Rohypnol 1 mg film-coated tablets and several generic preparations (November 2016). In Ireland, flunitrazepam is a Schedule 3 controlled substance with strict restrictions. In Japan, flunitrazepam is marketed by Japanese pharmaceutical company Chugai under the trade name Rohypnol and is indicated for the treatment of insomnia as well as used for preanesthetic medication. In Mexico, Rohypnol is legally available. In Norway, on January 1, 2003, flunitrazepam was moved up one level in the schedule of controlled drugs and, on August 1, 2004, the manufacturer Roche removed Rohypnol from the market there altogether. In South Africa, Rohypnol is classified as a Schedule 6 drug. It is available by prescription only, and restricted to 1 mg doses.
where the precursor ion ABCD+ is selected by the first stage of mass spectrometry (MS1), dissociates into molecule AB and product ion CD+, and the latter is selected by the second stage of mass spectrometry (MS2) and detected. The precursor and product ion pair is called a SRM "transition". Consecutive reaction monitoring (CRM) is the serial application of three or more stages of mass spectrometry to SRM, represented in a simple case by
On November 2, 2007, Alice in Chains performed a four-song set at Benaroya Hall in Seattle for Matt Messina and the Symphony Guild's 10th anniversary benefit concert for the Seattle Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Center. In addition to the band's original material, they also played a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir" while backed by over 200 musicians, including the Northwest Symphony Orchestra and the Northwest Girlchoir.
==== Thousand-layer tofu ==== Thousand-layer tofu (simplified Chinese: 千叶豆腐; traditional Chinese: 千葉豆腐; pinyin: qiānyè dòufu; lit. 'thousand-layer tofu') is not a true tofu made by coagulation of soymilk, but a modern invention made from soy protein isolate and a source of starch. It has a smooth, bouncy texture somewhat comparable to kamaboko. Originally a Taiwanese invention called hundred-layer tofu (百葉豆腐), it was renamed in China to avoid confusion with the existing type of extra-firm tofu called baiye.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.